Guatemala

This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2020 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2019 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The 2021 edition is produced with the support of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean, which results from joint work led by the European Union, the OECD and its Development Centre, and ECLAC.

A terceira edição do Panorama das Administrações Públicas: América Latina e Caribe contém as evidências disponíveis mais atualizadas sobre as administrações públicas e seu desempenho na ALC, comparando-as aos países da OCDE. Esta publicação inclui indicadores sobre finanças públicas e economia, emprego público, centros de governo, governança regulatória, dados abertos governamentais, integridade do setor público, aquisições públicas e, pela primeira vez, sobre os resultados centrais dos governos (p.ex., confiança nas instituições, redução da desigualdade). Os indicadores de governança são especialmente úteis para monitorar e comparar o desempenho dos governos nas suas reformas da administração pública. Cada indicador é apresentado em formato acessível para o leitor, e consiste em figuras ou quadros que ilustram as variações nos países e ao longo do tempo, análises descritivas breves, enfatizando os temas principais em cada área, e uma seção metodológica com a definição do indicador bem como qualquer limitação na comparabilidade dos dados.

This paper studies the potential drivers of governments’ approval rates in 18 Latin American countries using Internet search query data from Google Trends and traditional data sources. It employs monthly panel data between January 2006 and December 2015. The analysis tests several specifications including traditional explanatory variables of governments’ approval rates – i.e. inflation, unemployment rate, GDP growth, output gap – and subjective explanatory variables – e.g. perception of corruption and insecurity. For the latter, it uses Internet search query data to proxy citizens’ main social concerns, which are expected to drive governments’ approval rates. The results show that the perception of corruption and insecurity, and complaints about public services have a statistically significant association with governments’ approval rates. This paper also discusses the potential of Internet search query data as a tool for policy makers to understand better citizens’ perceptions, since it provides highly anonymous and high-frequency series in real-time.

Digitalisation is transforming the world of work and societies, and creating opportunities to learn and develop skills in new ways, times and places. The adoption and use of digital technologies can help Latin American countries close the skills gap with more advanced economies. Making the Most of Technology for Learning and Training in Latin America demonstrates how Latin American countries can realise the potential of new technologies for skills development in schools and all stages of life. It identifies barriers to accessing ICT infrastructure and connectivity limitations in Latin America, and provides recommendations on how they can be overcome to ensure that all students and citizens can benefit from new technologies for learning. The report explores the relationship between technology use in initial education and students’ performance in Latin America, and how policies can best support teachers as digital tools enter their classrooms. Digitalisation provides new opportunities for lifelong learning and this report examines the potential of open education and MOOCs in reaching those adults who are most in need of training in Latin American countries.

Panorama de la Salud: Latinoamérica y el Caribe 2020 presenta indicadores clave sobre la salud y los sistemas de salud en 33 países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Esta primera edición del Panorama de la Salud sobre Latinoamérica y el Caribe fue preparada en conjunto por la OCDE y el Banco Mundial. Los análisis se basan en los datos comparables más recientes de alrededor de 100 indicadores sobre equidad, situación de salud, determinantes de la salud, recursos y actividades, gasto y financiación, y calidad en la atención de salud. El editorial discute los principales desafíos para la región en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, incluyendo tanto el manejo de la epidemia como la movilización y el uso eficiente de recursos para asegurar una respuesta efectiva. El capítulo inicial, que resume el desempeño comparativo de los países antes de la crisis actual, está seguido por un capítulo especial sobre el malgasto en los sistemas de salud que redunda en acciones inefectivas o no mejora resultados, con el fin de redirigir esos recursos a otras áreas donde son altamente necesarios.

Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020 presents key indicators on health and health systems in 33 Latin America and the Caribbean countries. This first Health at a Glance publication to cover the Latin America and the Caribbean region was prepared jointly by OECD and the World Bank. Analysis is based on the latest comparable data across almost 100 indicators including equity, health status, determinants of health, health care resources and utilisation, health expenditure and financing, and quality of care. The editorial discusses the main challenges for the region brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as managing the outbreak as well as mobilising adequate resources and using them efficiently to ensure an effective response to the epidemic. An initial chapter summarises the comparative performance of countries before the crisis, followed by a special chapter about addressing wasteful health spending that is either ineffective or does not lead to improvement in health outcomes so that to direct saved resources where they are urgently needed.

This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2018 for 26 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The 2020 edition is produced with the support of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean, which results from joint work led by the European Union, the OECD and its Development Centre, and ECLAC.

This third edition of Government at a Glance Latin America and the Caribbean provides the latest available evidence on public administrations and their performance in the LAC region and compares it to OECD countries. This publication includes indicators on public finances and economics, public employment, centres of government, regulatory governance, open government data, public sector integrity, public procurement and for the first time core government results (e.g. trust, inequality reduction). Governance indicators are especially useful for monitoring and benchmarking governments' progress in their public sector reforms. Each indicator in the publication is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of graphs and/or charts illustrating variations across countries and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings of the data, and a methodological section on the definition of the indicator and any limitations in data comparability.

La tercera edición de Panorama de las Administraciones Públicas América Latina y el Caribe contiene la evidencia disponible más actualizada sobre las administraciones públicas y su desempeño en ALC y en comparación con los países de la OCDE. Esta publicación incluye indicadores sobre finanzas públicas y economía, empleo público, centros de gobierno, gobernanza regulatoria, datos abiertos gubernamentales, integridad del sector público, contratación pública y por primera vez sobre los resultados clave de los gobiernos (p.ej. confianza en las instituciones, reducción de la desigualdad). Los indicadores de gobernanza son especialmente útiles para monitorear y comparar el desempeño de los gobiernos en sus reformas a la administración pública. Cada indicador se presenta en un formato amigable para el lector, que consiste en gráficos o tablas que ilustran las variaciones de los países, un análisis descriptivo breve enfatizando los hallazgos principales en cada área y una sección metodológica con la definición del indicador así como cualquier limitación en la comparabilidad de los datos.

This report contains the 2019 Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of Guatemala.

This publication contains the Supplementary Phase 1 Peer Review Report for Guatemala.

En 2019, se registraron en Guatemala emisiones totales de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) per cápita de 2.1 toneladas equivalentes de dióxido de carbono (t CO2e), situándose en niveles inferiores a los promedios de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) (6.3) y de los países miembros de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) (9.1). Ese mismo año, la proporción de población expuesta a niveles de contaminación del aire que suponen un riesgo para la salud humana (PM2.5 a más de 10 µg/m3) fue del 100%, por encima del 95.4% registrado en ALC y del 61.0% en los países miembros de la OCDE. La zona marina protegida de Guatemala representó tan solo el 0.8% de sus aguas territoriales en 2021, frente al 7.3% registrado en ALC y al 18.6% en la OCDE. En materia fiscal, los ingresos tributarios ambientales supusieron el 0.8% del producto interno bruto (PIB) en 2020, situándose por debajo de los promedios de ALC (1.0%) y de la OCDE (2.1%). El total de ingresos tributarios expresado como porcentaje del PIB (12.4%) en 2020 siguió siendo inferior a los promedios de ALC (21.9%) y de la OCDE (33.5%).

In 2019, total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita in Guatemala were 2.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2e), lower than the averages for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) (6.3) and countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (9.1). That same year, the share of the population exposed to air pollution levels that pose risks to human health (PM2.5 at more than 10 µg/m3) was 100%, higher than 95.4% for LAC and 61.0% for the OECD. The marine protected area of Guatemala accounted for 0.8% of its territorial waters in 2021, compared to 7.3% for LAC and 18.6% for the OECD. On the fiscal side, environmentally related tax revenue was 0.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, below the averages for LAC (1.0%) and the OECD (2.1%). Total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (12.4%) in 2020 remained lower than the averages for LAC (21.9%) and the OECD (33.5%).

La crisis golpeó fuertemente la economía de Guatemala y contrajo el producto interno bruto (PIB) un 1.5% anual. Esta recesión provocó un aumento de más de tres puntos porcentuales de la pobreza extrema, que alcanzó el 18.7% en 2020, mientras que la tasa de pobreza se mantuvo relativamente estable, en un 50.9%, de acuerdo con las últimas estimaciones internacionales comparables. Previo a la crisis, el gasto público en salud era del 5.8% del PIB, porcentaje que se mantuvo constante a lo largo de un decenio, en comparación con los promedios del 6.8% en la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y del 8.8% en los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). En 2020, el 56.0% de los guatemaltecos se declaraban satisfechos con los servicios sanitarios, valor similar al de la región de ALC (48.2%) y muy inferior al de la OCDE (70.7%). La pandemia afectó en particular a la educación ya que, entre marzo de 2020 y mayo de 2021, las escuelas han estado totalmente cerradas durante 33 semanas, frente a 26 semanas en la región de ALC y 15 semanas en la OCDE. Los niños y sus familias sufrieron en consecuencia, debido a la interrupción de la educación y al aumento de la carga del cuidado infantil, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que solo el 40.7% de la población tenía acceso a Internet en 2019.

The crisis hit Guatemala’s economy hard. In 2020, gross domestic product (GDP) contracted annually by 1.5%. The economic downturn has increased extreme poverty by more than three percentage points, reaching 18.7% in 2020, while the poverty rate remained relatively stable at 50.9%, based on latest international comparable estimations. Before the crisis, Guatemala’s public expenditures on health stood at 5.8% of GDP, almost unchanged over a decade, compared to the averages of 6.8% in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and 8.8% in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In 2020, 56.0% of people in Guatemala declared being satisfied with health care, a proportion similar to LAC (48.2%) and much lower than the OECD (70.7%). The pandemic particularly affected education. Between March 2020 and May 2021, schools were fully closed for 33 weeks, compared to 26 weeks in LAC and 15 weeks in the OECD. Both children and families suffered a lot as a result, due to the disruption of education and the increased burden of childcare, especially considering that only 40.7% of the population had Internet access, in 2019.