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Albania

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SIGMA is publishing this report to make more widely available comparative information on administrative law and administrative supervision in central and eastern European countries, and to highlight certain relationships with developments in these areas in Western Europe. Although each country has its own history and traditions in approaching these matters, there is at the same time emerging a common and widely accepted model of how they should be managed in democratic states. This report should be of particular interest to civil servants, government officials, parliamentarians and others with an interest in the development of administrative procedures and oversight institutions.
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Albania has 43 tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire. Twenty-four of those agreements comply with the minimum standard.

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Albania can legally issue the following two types of rulings within the scope of the transparency framework: (i) preferential regimes; Industry Incentive Regime. and (ii) cross-border unilateral APAs and any other cross-border unilateral tax rulings (such as an advance tax ruling) covering transfer pricing or the application of transfer pricing principles.

Albania has 42 tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire. Eighteen of those agreements comply with the minimum standard.

French

Albania can legally issue the following two types of rulings within the scope of the transparency framework: (i) preferential regimes; Industry Incentive Regime. and (ii) cross-border unilateral APAs and any other cross-border unilateral tax rulings (such as an advance tax ruling) covering transfer pricing or the application of transfer pricing principles. Rulings in scope of the FHTP work are issued by the General Directorate of Taxation (GDT).

Albania has 42 tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire.

French

Albania has been proactive in strengthening its institutional, regulatory and operational environment for SME development since the 2012 SBA Assessment. The Business Investment and Development Strategy for 2014-2020 frames the country’s policy for promoting the SME sector. Albania has introduced a new e-government portal which eases business operations and launched a new tax filing system which allows for the online filing of all taxes. The National Business Centre acts as central one-stop shop for businesses. In addition, Albania has improved its policy framework for entrepreneurial learning. Going forward, the government should pay particular attention to formalising its regulatory impact analysis and developing a proportional approach to its use. It should strengthen the institutional support mechanisms for bankruptcy by developing an early warning system and second chance programmes. The Albanian government authorities should ensure that actions outlined in its strategies are systematically implemented, monitored and evaluated. Developing the necessary infrastructure and financial instruments will be necessary to promote innovation within SMEs. Targeted support services would help SMEs acquire the skills to move into knowledge-intensive sectors. Non-banking sources of finance remain limited and should be broadened.

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Albania has experienced strong economic growth in recent years. This occurred alongside a shift in national output from agriculture and industry to services and construction. Despite being one of the poorest SEE economies, the country has weathered the global financial crisis quite well. It is the only South-East Europe (SEE) economy where real GDP growth is expected to remain positive in 2009. Real GDP had increased at an average rate of 6.2% between 2005 and 2008, one of the highest rates in the region. The International Monetary Fund and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) both forecast positive real GDP growth in 2009 of 1.8% and 3% respectively (IMF, 2009; EBRD, 2009).

The Albanian Constitution states that all individuals are equal before the law and that “no person will be unjustly discriminated against due to his or her sex”. Legislation makes provisions for treaties to supersede national law and the parliament has ratified CEDAW. Despite these signs of progress, however, much of Albanian society remains highly patriarchal.

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The Thematic Review of Education Policy of Albania describes the current status of the education system and reform efforts underway. The country is introduced by general and demographic data; language, the geographic and historical context; the political, economic and the labour market situation; it also describes the structure and the legal framework. The whole education system is covered, from general education to vocational education, from higher education to lifelong learning, but focusing on early childhood and care, teachers and teacher training, curriculum and governance and administration. Equity in access, attainment and achievement are central issues, and special consideration is given to ethnic and minority questions and education for children with special needs. Attention is paid to decentralisation and financing of education; to quality, assessment and evaluation in education; to pre-service and in-service teacher training; working conditions and teacher salaries, the role of school inspectors; textbook provision and material and resources in general. The report describes issues and barriers at all levels of the education system and gives recommendations for policy makers, practitioners and donors...

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Each year SIGMA produces assessment reports as a contribution to the EC’s annual reports on EU candidate countries and potential candidates, as well as to its programming of technical assistance. These reports assess progress made in public administration reform by our beneficiary countries. The report for Albania analyses and takes stock of progress achieved by this country in 2012, with an aim to also provide inputs into its reform agenda. It focuses on civil service and administrative law, integrity, public expenditure management and control, public procurement, and policy making and co-ordination.
Each year SIGMA produces assessment reports as a contribution to the EC’s annual reports on EU candidate countries and potential candidates, as well as to its programming of technical assistance. These reports assess progress made in public administration reform by our beneficiary countries. The report for Albania analyses and takes stock of progress achieved by this country in 2013, with an aim to also provide inputs into its reform agenda. It focuses on administrative law and administrative justice, public expenditure management (financial management and control), internal audit, external audit, public procurement (including concessions), and regulatory management (legislative drafting process and related consultation processes).
As a continuation of the 2013 SIGMA assessments and as part of a longer-term programme of work, SIGMA has identified country priorities for public administration reform (PAR) for Albania. Priorities cover the overall PAR needs of the country, including areas which were not covered by the assessments. Priorities in areas outside the scope of SIGMA assessments are based on other analytical sources and SIGMA’s practical experience of working with the country. SIGMA proposes priority 2020 targets for the countries, sub-targets when needed, and sequenced priority activities in 1-2, 3-5 and 5+ year time perspectives.
As a continuation of the 2014 SIGMA assessments and as part of a longer-term programme of work, SIGMA has identified country priorities for public administration reform (PAR) for Albania. Priorities cover the overall PAR needs of the country, including areas which were not covered by the 2014 SIGMA assessments. Priorities in areas outside the scope of SIGMA assessments are based on other analytical sources and SIGMA’s practical experience of working with the country. SIGMA proposes priority 2020 targets for the countries, sub-targets when needed, and sequenced priority activities in 1-2, 3-5 and 5+ year time perspectives.
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